La bibliographie

Bibliography: Raoul Youbi, Holly Gary, and Rachel Shenkman


La perspective française:

L’Immigration et l’intégration en France

Les conflits culturels: (article de le Journal International des studies du paix)

En commençant avec l’invasion d’Afrique du Nord par Napoléon, la culture française était introduire là. La langue et les valeurs des français étaient imposé sur les habitants de l’Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie.

Pendant la première guerre mondiale, beaucoup de soldats nord-africains sont allés combattre avec les français. Après la guerre, beaucoup de gens ont immigré à France. Les rapports entre les français et les immigrés étaient bonnes jusqu’à les 1980s. La tension dans le monde musulman a augmenté la tension en France. 

Quelques filles n’ont pas été autorisé d’aller à l’école si elles ont porté des écharpes sur les têtes. Cela a crée une controverse. Des cimetières musulmans ont dû permettre l’inhumation des gens d’autres réligions. Un autre problème est les différences socio-économique entre les français et les immigrés. La politique extérieure de la France est aussi une cause de protestation.

Malgré leur réputation de tolérance, des français doit faire face au racisme et à l’intolérance. Des immigrés qui deviennent citoyens de la France ont les mêmes droits que quelqu’un qui est né en France. Mais actuellement, la peur de l’extrémisme islamique hante la France au cause de leur amité avec les États-Unis. 

L’auteur de l’article propose quelques solutions pour des problèmes, qui include: l’éducation de la culture musulman dans les écoles français, l’aide du média en l’encouragement de tolérance, plus de communication entre les groupes, l’aide pour des quartiers pauvres, et le coopération des musulmans leurs-mêmes.

http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol2_2/seljuq.htm

The American perspective:

 Immigration and integration: Bibliography: surveys, stat, books, research 

E-M Students : US position + conclusions 

The United States are among the countries which are built by the contribution of migration, a result, people naturally tend to seek their origin. This makes it very prolific the research in the field of genealogy and bibliography. Moreover, Research into family history is an especially popular American pastime and age is no deterrent. Publications are legion; archival resources are abundant; lectures, conferences, workshops, and family reunions abound; groups sponsoring genealogical research trips are active, here and abroad. Thanks to desk-top publishing, many circulate the results of their research. 

Between 1607 and 1824 about a million immigrants arrived on these shores, most of them from Great Britain, Germany and Africa. The nineteenth-century potato famine in Ireland resulted in the exodus of several million people from that country beginning in 1846. Two years later, following the discovery of gold in California, the first Asians came from China. Except for a hiatus during the Civil War, immigration increased dramatically between 1850 and 1934 when millions left villages and towns throughout Europe to start life anew in America. Most of them were from Germany, Scandinavia, the Baltic, Austria- Hungary, Poland and Russia. The 1880s signale the first significant influx of Italians. 

A year after Congress passed its Immigration Act of 1891 (ch. 26, Stat., 1084), the Ellis Island Immigration Station began serving the Port of New York as the first of thirty facilities in the United States to operate under the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). During its peak years of operation, between 1892 and 1924, over 14 million immigrants and almost 71% of the 20 million who came to this country passed through the gates at Ellis Island. Between 1925 and 1954 the number dropped to 4 million immigrants, 56% of whom also disembarked at New York. Busy ports of entry also included Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Galveston, New Orleans, and others. 

For thirty-two years, 1899 through 1931, the vast majority of arrivals were from southern Italy, Germany, Poland, England, Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark), and Ireland, in that order. Other eastern, central and western European countries were represented, along with those of the Middle East, Latin America, the East and West Indies, and islands in the Pacific. Given the vast numbers of those who endured the hardships of life at sea, the rigors of being "processed" at immigration stations, and who survived the vicissitudes of life in a strange new environment, it is little wonder that millions of their descendants are now making an effort to see for themselves the Ellis Island Immigration Station. 

Today's descendants of nineteenth and twentieth-century immigrants are the beneficiaries of a major change in the focus of genealogical research in the United States. 

Following World War II, perceptions and habits gradually changed as some Americans without any claim to colonial ancestry, royalty, or the landed gentry began probing for information about their family background. By now, pride in ethnic and national origins has blossomed to a point where they are acknowledged and celebrated. Festivals featuring ethnic music, food, costumes, the language, and other aspects of cultural heritage are annual events of many cities. This dramatic acceleration of interest can probably be attributed to a combination of events that have occurred within a mere decade and a half: the nation's bicentennial celebration (1976-83); publication of Alex Haley's book Roots (1976); the memorable televised Fourth of July celebration and unveiling of the restored 

Statue of Liberty (1986); and restoration of the Ellis Island Immigration Station (1990). Demolition of the Berlin Wall (1989), and the end of the Cold War (1990) resulted in opening borders formerly barred for decades to travelers from the west who can at last seek records linking them to their past. 

Nowadays, European immigration has virtually dried up to make way for a new immigration’s model based on quotas. The Americans have developed the myth of the free man in a free country. They prefer the myth of the creation of a new man. For this they rely on free will and tolerance. The political idea is the federation of states. The unit is made of the plurality; this political perception can design a unit that is constantly being built. As a country built on the contribution of migration, each citizen is usually live attached to his community or ethnic group, and each group can participate in the construction of national identity as a group. This is the plurality of groups that form the national unity. Integration with the nation's collective and not individual. The result is an institutional recognition of immigrant communities and integration of an immigrant is built first by integrating in its original community, which seems to ease its national integration. 

The question of immigration and integration has interested Tocqueville in the nineteenth century. His Old Regime and the American Revolution is an attempt to search for differences between the constitution of France and the United States. National models are linked to the history of nation building; thus these models are not easily transferable from one country to another because the history of nation building is different. This is the meaning of the migratory phenomenon that gives meaning to the model of nation building. This translates into the fact that we cannot take foreign models as an example and model for France. Immigration and the integration of foreigners in the United States is a problem specific to U.S. and cannot be transposed in France, each country built a model that has its roots in national history. The concept of community is specific to the sociology of American immigration; this concept can be transposed into French Jacobin reality. Moreover, the bulk of migration flows is more recent than French United States and was formed primarily through the colonization of African countries in the majority. France is an old country that built its unity for centuries, so it makes a clear distinction between the “true French” and the new French, which makes integration more difficult in this type of society.